Common Theories Of Entrepreneurship Proposed Commerce Essay

It was non entrepreneurial history but the history that contained enterprisers. The term foremost appeared in the Hagiographas of Richard Cantillon in 1755 who used the term to depict â€Å" person who exercises concern judgement in the face of uncertainness † . John Sawyer argued entrepreneurship â€Å" as the strictly advanced to the strictly everyday † non merely in the concern but in other organisations where â€Å" important determinations affecting alteration are made impacting the combinations and committedness of resources under conditions of uncertainness â€Å" . Some common theories of entrepreneurship proposed enterprisers provided the indispensable drive force that powered capitalist economic growing, others proposed it as a signifier of art more than its economic activity and as such hard as any other artistic activity to explicate in footings of beginning, method or environmental influence. Since so many different significances had been assigned some writers wondered whether bookmans should non fling the term â€Å" enterpriser â€Å" . Entrepreneurship non merely touches upon history and economic sciences, but besides countries such as sociology, anthropology, psychological science and many more, some common premises were enterprisers were merely successful bourgeois, his success was proof plenty of his abilities, his motives were obvious: stuff prosperity, public acknowledgment and regard, the public assistance of the society and there were some who related the single concern executive to the direction of the house. But as more energy was spent on this widely characterized term many inquiries like how does an enterpriser gets in to concern or what kind of people tend to be attracted towards the entrepreneurial function come up, the fact was that in covering with enterprisers we were covering with human existences non spaces or interchangeable economic units. Despite the potency for profusion and texture that such a diverse mix of subjects brings a major failing was research workers from one field have tended to disregard the entrepreneurship surveies by research workers in other subject. ( Wortman 1992 )[ 1 ] No by and large accepted theory of entrepreneurship has emerged so far but on the other side with such diverse positions each can assist us to understand assorted facets of entrepreneurship, yet definitions remain of import because they make farther research manageable. This supposed deficiency of articulate theory turned out to be one of the first issues seized by economic experts when they invaded in to the history of economic science. Since the term has been used for more than a century in the Fieldss of commercialism, media and by ordinary people in conversation so it is improbable an wholly new definition would be acceptable.Entrepreneurshipâ€Å" Entrepreneurship is a journey of test and mistake, there is no cutoff to success † Richard A Bendis CEO Innovation Philadelphia The term entrepreneurship and enterpriser are used interchangeably. Entrepreneur ever precedes entrepreneurship. The procedure of development and co-ordination of maps of enterpriser is termed as entrepreneurship. Webster Third New International Dictionary ( 1961 )[ 2 ]defines the enterpriser as â€Å" an organiser of an economic venture, particularly one who organizes, owns, manages and assumes the hazard of a concern and Wagnalls standard Dictionary[ 3 ]( 1958 ) offers â€Å" One who undertakes to get down and carry on an endeavor or concern, presuming full control and hazard † . The enterpriser is non defined by the formal rank or rubric but retrospectively after successful pattern of invention. A originative individual in the literary, artistic or dramatic sense is non needfully an enterpriser but the 1 who recognizes the value of his thoughts and exploits them otherwise than the remainder. Some primary requirements for the entrepreneurial clime[ 4 ]: Freedom to set an thought in to consequence if the resources can be procured, capable merely to the Torahs of orderly society. Freedom to bask the fruits of success or the penalty of failure. Freedom from interjection by the authorities of its autonomous power to promote an endeavor. Entrepreneurship creates extra entrepreneurial activities, like the induction of computing machines opened up a huge computing machine package market. A concern of any sort generates the demand for 1000s of new concerns impacting growing of society. Entrepreneurship makes an of import part to the economic development by supplying a platform for the pool of cognition that otherwise would hold remained trapped. The kernel of entrepreneurship is the induction of alteration and one time this alteration is initiated direction takes charge of the production and distribution. Like developing a human intelligent computing machine requires an advanced alteration affecting entrepreneurship but one time the production begins, the direction takes over and organizes a model for its go oning production. The enterpriser is the alteration agent, the beginning of invention but still it remains a partially charted universe and can non be to the full defined.Entrepreneur as an Innovator and strategianEntrepreneurship is a originative force, person who can believe otherwise and make new chances. Society ‘s primary involvement in entrepreneurship seems making new possibilities that improve our economic life. Entrepreneur is considered as a beginning of alteration in society and the economic system. Strategic regulations of behavior are based on thoughts to hold a competitory border within a set of market constructions, hence undertaking is optimising within given boundaries conducted through thorough analysis by mechanistic system and model to back up a brimming thought. Gartner ( 1988 )[ 5 ]suggests that â€Å" entrepreneurship is to make with making new concern ventures, irrespective of whether they are high growing oriented or non.The focal point is upon looking at the procedure of making the organisation instead than on the single individual † . The activity of entrepreneurship is about taking hazard at the same clip enterprise in chase of net income, the basic trial for an enterpriser would be whether his thought will function its full intent and if he is able to do money ( net income ) out of it. A good refined enterpriser is really careful to cipher the hazard they take, they possess both originative and direction accomplishments and these accomplishments differentiate them from discoverers, directors and authorities decision makers. Schumpter[ 6 ]in 1995 argued that the inventions made by the enterprisers are the strategic factors in economic development and a conducive factor in trade. He made a clear and strong differentiation between innovation and invention. Invention is an act of making an thought or vision whereas Innovation is doing usage of innovation to do new things or to do things otherwise. Invention is associated with research, development, presentation and commercialisation. Innovation is a important factor for run intoing the altering demands of the society. It is about making something different from the herd and in making so analysing both production and market invention. In a free environment there is a leaning for detecting chances and therefore spread outing them to profitable ventures. The being of a association football field does non warrants soccer games in the same manner being of favourable conditions will non itself create entrepreneurial activity. Fritz Machlup[ 7 ]depict this state of affairs as â€Å" the birthrate of freedom † .Illustration:The successful international concatenation Body Shop international started out in 1970 as a individual store in a little Southern English town merchandising cosmetics and related merchandises based on natural ingredients. Anita Roddick the laminitis had an thought which see implemented with a individual store in the beginning and subsequently with her concern experience, development and commercialisation it grew internationally. Post Second World War there has been burgeoning growing in the activities affecting Science and Technology. Yet within the past few old ages at that place has been important paradigm displacement from procedure of making new scientific and technological progresss towards greater accent on effectual use of finds and development.The difference between innovation and invention has been attributed to the function of pioneer who is responsible for interlingual rendition of scientific discipline and engineering in to common twenty-four hours usage.[ 8 ] Invention can be farther categorized as evolutionary and radical inventions. Generally inventions happening within a house, doing a steady house with accommodation to little alterations is referred to as evolutionary alterations. Evolutionary invention progress over clip, leting houses to follow improved methods and remain competitory. They occur frequently and are a procedure of alteration in virtually all major industries. Fuel efficient transmittals, electronic ignition in the car industry are illustrations of evolutionary alterations. On the other manus Revolutionary inventions are non portion of the normal procedure and are a beginning of major alteration within a organisation. These inventions create new industries, have major turbulences within the bing industry and do some industries obsolete taking them to extent of failure. Most common illustration of radical invention is the development and realignment of computing machines ; rise of automotive industry is besides an radical invention. Bridging of these two inventions is of import for houses to remain competitory as the coming of the two creates major turbulences across many industries, if houses are accommodating to alterations through evolutionary alteration it thereby opens a huge chance of radical inventions doing current methodological analysis obsolete.Entrepreneurship and Economic DevelopmentSocieties differ in their capacity to accomplish economic growing. Small over two centuries ago there was small difference in the economic well-being of the bulk of the World ‘s population but as the passage towards industrial revolution was made the economic growing rate began to increase. Significantly the degree of per capita income and the criterion of life improved. Entrepreneurship has been regarded as the important factor in the procedure of economic growing and development, as the economic growing and development occurs the conditions prefering entrepreneurship besides improves. It is non possible to hold d evelopment without growing, hence neglecting to understand entrepreneurship is neglecting to acknowledge the policies of turning economic system. Nelson and Winter ( 1982 )[ 9 ]and Winter ( 1984 )[ 10 ]suggested that more diverseness would be generated under the â€Å" entrepreneurial government than the routinized government, Under the routinized technological government invention will be given to be less diverse and in contrast under the entrepreneurial government invention is characterized by more diverseness. † Therefore in decision opportunities of new endeavors to be started should be associated with greater grade of diverseness. Economic growing and entrepreneurship are likely to boom in favourable economic conditions, if the economic conditions are favourable so given the maximal use of an thought, entrepreneurship will emerge and ensue will be the economic development. On the contrary if the conditions are non favourable entrepreneurship will non lift thereby stagnating the economic system. Entrepreneurship is a dependent entity ; it acts as the accelerator supplying flicker for the economic growing. Entrepreneurship has become a critical policy issue particularly for the developing economic systems as, foremost as it helps in making self employment which provides flexibleness and productiveness to the economic system. Second the rise of advanced entrepreneurship is a tool to stay competitory and for other occupation creative activities. Capital which entrepreneurs generates exerts an upward influence through increased competition via increased figure of houses, non merely more figure of houses provide greater competition for new thoughts instead facilitates opening of new concerns with different thoughts thereby increasing the growing and development of the economic system. Therefore this in a manner indicates parts with high sum of entrepreneurial activity are likely to hold broad concern diverseness which consequences in higher rates of economic growing. In a development or a developed economic system opportunities of new endeavors to be started should be associated with greater grade of diverseness.Entrepreneurship and its relation with EngineeringAs enterprisers fill the nothingness between proficient progresss and economic sciences so hence for human sort to derive benefits from technology developments, enterprisers must acknowledge the value of economic sciences in the technological promotion and assist create concern ventures for social-economic stableness. Technology is of import, one manner to construct a concern around capablenesss that others can non copy, but itself engineering remains uncomplete, so an enterpriser ‘s chief occupation is to happen the concern value that engineering can make and happen a way to change over that into a concern. So understanding of the two can non be ignored. Sony Walkman was the portable tape participant which came in to being after the technology expertness to the full understood the related proficient issues, one time this merchandise was available tonss of other houses took this chance to make full the spreads in this emerging market with their ain participants or to widen this thought from tape recording equipment to cd participant. Hence a small technological promotion with entrepreneurial accomplishments can be seen to play a specific function in the economic stableness.Biblography

Civic Speech Outline – Teachers

He told his Peasant Princess that she would want for nothing. Well this was new. â€Å"If I want for nothing, then what want do I want? ‘ She thought long and hard about what she could do with her life. The Peasant Princess finally had an opportunity for a proper education. She loved children, and she spent all of her free time creating art projects. Why not combine all the things she loves? Education, Kids, Arts†¦ Do you see where this is going? As an elementary art teacher, she could spend every day doing all the things she loves. And they lived happily ever after!Well yes they did however this Isn't the end of our story. Soon thereafter, Prince Charming ‘s kingdom was overthrown by an evil king named Private Equity Firm. Private Equity took over the kingdom and stripped the Prince of his throne. Once again, the Prince and Princess were struggling peasants. No longer could she invest her time and limited resources in a future career that would pay no return beyond the humble reward of tiny smiles. Goal/Purpose My civic engagement, or calling, was to be an elementary teacher. Today, we will explore the passion many people share to be a teacher.We'll discuss the many benefits and rewards of the position. Then we will question, if it's so great why are so many teachers leaving the profession, within years of obtaining their degree, or In my case, even before then. In another lifetime, or should I say In a land far far away, this was my dream. L. Why? For me? A. . It wasn't the money, my prince provided well. Negative experience as early as Kindergarten. Ensure that didn't happen to others. Iii. V. This was my natural calling. Who I am. How I act. I wanted to make a difference and feel proud. B. For others? According to UNC (Univac of North Carolina, not Colorado) 9 Reasons to be a Teacher Experience the Joy of Making a Difference Have a Vocation, Not a Job 2. Enjoy Interpersonal Interaction 3. Benefit From Variety 4. Laugh Every Day 6. Have a H igh Level of Autonomy 7. Spend More Time With Your Family 8. Enjoy Lots of Vacation 9. . Summarized . Rewarding I'. Fun Summers off ‘v. Vocation II. How many are leaving? The National Commission on Teaching and America's Future estimates one-third of all new teachers leave after three years, almost half after five years! B.Statistics show 40% of students who pursue undergraduate degrees NEVER enter the classroom. I. Take other Jobs instead. Ill. Why? A. You heard my reason. I. Money can't buy happiness? Neither can poverty. It. Ranked #2 of the 30 worst paying college majors. Iii. #22 on a list of lowest paying Jobs that require a bachelors degree lb. Salary the US $35,000. 1. 40 hours = roughly $17 [hour. 2. +30 hours/week grading and planning = $10 b. Other reasons from teachers who left the profession: Starting I. â€Å"One of the big reason I quit was intangible, but very real. It's Just a lack of respect. † ii. Teachers in schools don't get to call the shots. I no longer have control ever how I teach my class† iii. â€Å"Lack of respect from parents who feel â€Å"my taxes pay your wages, so you work for me lb. From older male teachers â€Å"l eventually felt pressured to advance into higher-level administration. † v. â€Å"There is an overwhelming amount of after-hours work that cannot make up for the free summers† c. Neighbor I. Kindergarten teacher-two boys-heading to Jar high. It. Spends more on supplies and decorations for her classroom each year, than she earns. Ill. Once her children no longer attend this school, she plans on leaving as well.Conclusion Today, I shared with you my lost civic engagement to be an elementary school teacher. My children are no longer in grade school; in fact they are now in college themselves. My educational path will eventually bring me too point where I can teach at the college level and by then my grandsons will be attending college themselves. I honestly don't know what I would adv ise if they chose to be elementary teachers. In case you didn't catch it. I am the princess, although we have never quite been poor peasants. My husband was, is, and always will be my prince charming. And yes, we live happily ever after! Class Dismissed!

Production and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Production and Operations Management - Essay Example There are generally five operation and supply performance objectives. These are: i. Cost: this is the ability of organization to produce at the minimum cost. ii. Quality: the organization’s capability to produce depending on its specifications without any error. iii. Speed: the ability of doing things rapidly in response to customers’ requirements and demands hence giving short lead times amidst when customers order product or services and the time they receive them. iv. Dependability: the ability of delivering products and services depending on promises conducted on customers. For instance in the quotation or any other published information. v. Flexibility: the ability of changing operations. ... That statement shows organization’s aspirations and values, hence the primary purpose and reason for its existence. Founded on the mission statement, those organizations formulate its business plan. The plan of that organization is a permanent to accomplish the mission set forth within its mission statement. Every function in that business may then derive its own plan to support the organization’s entire business strategy (Slack & Lewis, 2002). Mills (2002), operation and Supply strategy of an organization is thus the mutual concrete actions taken, mandated and stimulated within that organization’s strategy. This is implemented in that organization’s operation function. The operations plan brings together several operations actions and decisions into an interrelated persistent response into competitive forces. These are connected into organization’s programs, policies, actions and systems to a systematic reaction into the competitive priorities comm unicated and chosen by the business or corporate plan. Thus, the Operation and Supply strategy specifies the manner in which an organization lays its operation capabilities in support of the business strategies. How Operation and Supply strategy in industry affects the customer service Background and Objectives Operation and Supply strategy describes the certain kinds of value that organization delivers to its customers. It recognizes the business units to be involved in that organization. The organization unit strategy identifies capabilities, priorities and resource deployments required in support of that business strategy within the associated value proposition. All the levels of strategic

Training and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Training and development - Essay Example The supervisors who are not a part of the HRD department have a definitive role to play within the midst of things. This is because these supervisors and managers must comprehend how they can bring in the much required value for the sake of the organization and what kind of initiatives they need to deploy to extract the best possible returns for it in the long run. The supervisors and managers therefore have a responsibility to look after the needs and aspirations of the employees who work under their aegis and are trying their utmost to give in the best, on a proactively consistent basis. The training realms within any organization remain significant in entirety because the training modules teach so much more than merely training the employees. They tell them the basics related with conducting their respective chores, tasks and undertakings. They also dictate the exact basis through which work processes get manifested in entirety. What is even more significant is an understanding th at the supervisors and managers play their necessary roles at inculcating the kind of training that is needed by the organization in essence. The HRD department is therefore dependent on the supervisors and managers but what is ambiguous is the fact that these supervisors and managers are not a part of this HRD philosophy at all. ... The training procedures are important to ascertain because these take into consideration the aspects of inculcating the true spirits of the organization on to the employees who remain significant during such undertakings. The supervisors and managers need to come out of their related realms to make sure that the employees are on track and are able to complete their jobs in a proper way. This is so needed because this will ensure complete smoothness amongst the employees as far as the work ethos are concerned, and the manner under which success can be achieved at the end of the day. Also the list of responsibilities within such understandings comprise of providing lectures and undertaking workshops which have a long term commitment with the employees, who will go out there and produce results for the organization that will be long standing and have a direct effect on the organization’s measures and ethos. The HRD philosophy is therefore an important barometer for knowing how th ings shape up within organizations and how the supervisors and employees will pay their due role within the thick of things. The supervisors and employees therefore devise ways and means through which their training procedures would be transferred to the employees in an unambiguous and most direct way. This would enable the employees to feel empowered and their work domains would be safely undertaken. The HRD department gets aligned with these supervisors and employees who are essentially not a part of the same, but are made to give in their best because the organizational values hold significance for them and this has a lot of bearing on the employees’ professional realms as well. The employees learn to remain motivated within their ranks

Orange Juice Titration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orange Juice Titration - Essay Example Ascorbic acid ascorbic acid (also known as Vitamin C) is antioxidant and in presence of oxidizing agent it turns into dehydro-ascorbic acid [2]. Earlier experiments have shown that exposure of orange juice to oxygen lead to decrease in amount (concentration) of ascorbic acids and browning of orange juice [3]. No such effect is observed when orange juice is exposed to light [3]. While another research showed that the oxygen does not accelerates non enzymatic browning of orange juice [4]. This research paper tries to analyze the effect of oxygen and light on orange juice and thereby tries to resolve the ambiguity. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 1: Oxygen does not affect the lifespan of orange juice or vitamin C in the juice. Alternate hypothesis: Oxygen affects the lifespan of orange juice or vitamin C in the juice Null Hypothesis 2: Exposure to light does not affect the life span of orange juice or vitamin C in the juice. Alternate hypothesis: Exposure to light affects the lifespan of ora nge juice or vitamin C in the juice. Claim Exposure to oxygen reduces the shelf life of orange juice. Exposure to light reduces the shelf life of orange juice. ... exposed to air (not exposed to light) 7.666667 10 7 Fresh 0.1. exposed to light 18.66667 23 14 Concentration values of ascorbic acid of different samples achieved from titration (concentration = x*10^-4) P values (T-Test) Fresh OJ. (not exposed to light) Vs. Non-fresh OJ. exposed to air (not exposed to light) – Hypothesis 1 0.00377 Fresh OJ. (not exposed to light) Vs. Fresh 0.J. exposed to light – Hypothesis 2 0.0212 Non-fresh OJ. exposed to air (not exposed to light) Vs. Fresh 0.J. exposed to light 0.03491 Probability of type 1 error while rejecting null hypothesis using students T-test. Bar graph depicts minimum, mean and highest observed concentrations of ascorbic acid in the three samples of orange juice. Evidence It was observed that the mean concentration of ascorbic acid in fresh OJ (0.00320) was much higher than the mean concentration of ascorbic acid in non-fresh OJ (0.00077). Mean concentration of ascorbic acid in fresh OJ exposed to light (0.00187) was more t han mean concentration of ascorbic acid in both non fresh OJ and less than fresh OJ. The variation in concentration of ascorbic acid was highest in Fresh 0.J. exposed to light (2.03333E-07) and was lowest in Non-fresh OJ exposed to air (not exposed to light) (4.33333E-08). T test showed that population Fresh OJ (not exposed to light) and population Non-fresh OJ exposed to air (not exposed to light) were not same. This could be stated with more than 99% accuracy. T test also showed that population Fresh OJ (not exposed to light) and population Fresh 0.J. exposed to light were not same. This could be stated with almost 98% accuracy. Conclusion It was found that the ascorbic acid concentration in orange juice decreased when it was exposed to both light and

Stakeholder Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stakeholder Analysis - Essay Example This faction of the stakeholders feel that alternative measure of undertaking scientific experiments for medical development and other reasons are feasible. Winning in this debate has the gain of conscience satisfaction that animals should be taken care of like human beings. They seek to achieve the goal of human moral responsibility to be in charge of the other creatures. Winning this debate also presents a desirable outcome in terms of general perception of animals as being close relatives of man and the cruelty against them are uncalled for. There are various reasons as to why the proponents would want to win. They will assert the moral obligation of man to be a fair steward of nature. The animals are considered to experience pain but lack express vocal ability to show this. It is therefore disadvantageous to them and this raises ethical concern from the perspective of humanity. Another critical aspect of the gain concerns winning the conscience of people towards fair treatment of animals and minimizing chances of their elimination through waste control experiment. Financial support to shift to alternative experiment methods rather than sacrificing animals sounds more human and promotes ethics. Sanctity of life is likely to be upheld by the society and this will be a remarkable outcome in the entire campaign of the religious fraternity. Opponents still stand by the relevance and convenience attached to use of animals for scientific experiment. There is significant propensity of professional inadequacy should the pro-animal activists gain. Besides, alternative experiment procedures that may not use animals are seen as either expensive or inaccurate. There are several experiments that are in progress or already enlist the need for animals. In the event that use of animals is banned, the investment and commitment already put towards such experiments would go to vain and become discouraging. In essence, there has been

Types of Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Types of Research Methods - Essay Example The paper tells that the factors that govern the methodology employed include; subtype of research necessary, subject selection for the research study, a decision on how to sample, a possibility of a pilot study to ensure the validity of the process through various research methods. Singh agrees that central to literature, research methodology is the type of research to be undertaken. There are two key types of research. They are qualitative research and quantitative research. Research methodology is dependent on these two factors. Qualitative research seeks to investigate intangible aspects of literature; especially about emotions, meanings, and descriptions. The intangibles under investigation are values, beliefs or ideas. Quantitative research seeks to verify existing explanations, regarding etiological aspects of a story, through measurement of variables. When reporting a researcher applies a number of research methods that are specific to certain techniques of research. The type s of research methods applicable include observation, survey, contact method and experimental method. Each of these methods has strengths and limitations. In essence, to indulge inaccurate data collection, one needs to be aware of the said aspects of the data collection methods to make the necessary adjustments to the data that result whenever warranted. This refers to the research method that employs the use of researcher’s eyes, watching the study area to gather information. Data collected by observation is primary data. The data collected is complete since the researcher knows what he is looking for when he goes to the field to observe. The research techniques influence the subtypes of the observation method that will be applicable. The first subtype is the structured observation. This is the main subtype employed for descriptive purposes of observation. Unstructured observation, on the other hand, is employed with a view of formulating explanations to a research question and validating it given hypothesis or otherwise.

B200 TMA02 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B200 TMA02 - Essay Example This can lead to inefficiency due to imperfect competition, which can take many different forms, such as monopolies, monopsonies, cartels, or monopolistic competition, if the agent does not implement perfect price discrimination. OPEC (oil cartel in Middle East is an example of this). Second, the actions of an agent can have externalities, which are innate to the methods of production, or other conditions important to the market. An externality occurs when an economic activity causes external costs or external benefits to third party stakeholders who did not directly affect the economic transaction. In a competitive market, the existence of externalities would mean that either too much or too little of the good would be produced and consumed in terms of overall cost and benefit to society. Finally, some markets can fail due to the nature of certain goods, or the nature of their exchange. For instance, goods can display the attributes of public goods or common-pool resources, while markets may have significant transaction costs, agency problems, or informational asymmetry. In general, all of these situations can produce inefficiency, and a resulting market failure. "One cause of market failure is the limited nature of property rights. ... By extending these rights, individuals may be able to prevent other people imposing costs on them, or charge them for doing so." (2000: pp. 152-153) As a result, an agent can have imperfect control over the uses of its commodity, as the system of property rights that defines this control is not comprehensive. Typically, this includes two basic rights that have more generalized nature - excludability and transferability. Excludability caters to the an agent's ability to control who can use its commodity, how much, and for how long - and also the associated costs for doing so. Transferability states the right of an agent to transfer the rights of its commodity from one agent to another, primarily by selling or leasing a commodity, and associated costs associated for doing so. If a system of rights cannot fully guarantee these at low (or no) cost, then an inefficient distribution can be the consequence. There can be many examples of market failure. In this author's region, for instance, traffic congestion is an example, as driving can be considered to impose hidden costs on other drivers and the society, whereas the use of public transportation and/or other ways of avoiding driving to mitigate traffic congestion would be more beneficial to society as a whole. Other common global examples of market failure may include environmental issues such as pollution and exploitation of natural resources to an excessive extent. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is, currently, a cartel of 12 countries comprising Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. One of its principal goals

Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism Essay Example for Free

Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism Essay Life is drama; playing roles in relation to other people. Interest in the interaction of language and action. Symbolic Interactionist—Language is symbolic action. â€Å"Verbal symbols are meaningful acts from which motives can be derived (Griffin, p. 329).† â€Å"Human beings†¦are a symbol-creating, symbol-using, and symbol misusing animal (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 69).† A theory of Motives—why do people act (particularly rhetorically) the way they do? Assess motives. Texts/Speeches created by people to â€Å"DO SOMETHING.† Can be analyzed to determine what it is they are trying to do. Distinguishes human â€Å"Action† from Animal â€Å"Motion† Action Motion Done on purpose;Behaviors that are non- voluntary behavior purposeful/non-meaningful e.g. DramatismïÆ' ª ïÆ' ªAll animals and objects Peoplehave motion ïÆ' ªÃ¯Æ' ª Forms of ThoughtThe study of motion is ïÆ' ªmechanism Understood through motives ïÆ' ª Pentad (tool for understanding motives) Motive: Linguistic Product of Rhetorical Action Created a Grammar of Motives (â€Å"grammar† meaning rules, principles, elements, structure and/or book) Motives are viewed by Burke in terms of internal sources of action; but rather in terms of how language and terms are used to make actions understandable. Guilt as Motive: guilt is an â€Å"all-purpose word for any feeling of tension within a person—anxiety, embarrassment, self-hatred, disgust, etc. (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 70).† We communicate to purge ourselves of guilt. Guilt arises out of language. Three sources of guilt: 1. The Negative: Language allows for rules, morals, etc. that surround us and we can’t escape violating. 2. The Principle of Perfection: Language allows us to â€Å"imagine† the ideal (should). 3. The Principle of Heirarchy: Structure society with competing class and group distinctions We seek redemption (reduce or eliminate guilt) through communication/rhetoric/dramatism 1. Mortification: self-blame 2. Victimage: external enemy is the source 3. Scapegoating: blame other(s) Substance: general nature of a thing Consubstantiation: (shared substance, commonality) Identification: (same as consub) degrees of; conscious or unconscious; 1) material identification—goods, possessions, things 2) idealistic identification—values, ideas, feelings, attitudes 3) formal identification—form or arrangement of act/conventions; roles, customs, etc. Division—differences with others (source of guilt) PENTAD Tool for understanding motives Act SceneAgent Agency Purpose (Hexad: Attitude: delayed or incipient action) Statement of motives will answer: What was done (act), when or where it was done (scene), who did it (agent), how it was done (agency), and why it was done (purpose).

South African Economic Racism Essay Example for Free

South African Economic Racism Essay Throughout the course of the 19th and 20th century, economic considerations played a significant role in shaping both racial discrimination and concepts of white supremacy in South Africa. When large deposits of gold and diamonds were discovered in the latter half of the 19th century, the economic structure of southern Africa was dramatically altered. The mining industry necessitated vast amounts of inexpensive labor in order to be profitable. In the post South African War period, the necessity to return the Boers to self-rule without harming the mining industry resulted in a series of legislation that legalized racial discrimination to ensure a large and cheap labor force consisting of Africans. South Africa’s industrial revolution and the legislation passed during the period immediately following the South African War provided the economic bases of racial discrimination and white supremacy in South Africa. In 1868, the Kimberly diamond strike propelled South Africa to a position as a world leader in diamond production. Similarly, the discovery of large gold deposits in the 18th and 19th century also attracted both foreign capital investment and immigration. The rapidly growing mining industries required massive amounts of inexpensive labor in order to be profitable. Hundreds of thousands of African workers sought employment in the developing mines and cities in industrializing cities. In the face of this increased competition, white workers benefitted from racial discrimination because it protected them economically from competition with African workers. White business owners sought a large and cheap African workforce; racial discriminatory practices ensured they were cheap and pliable. In order to limit the bargaining power of African workers seeking higher wages and to ensure that none could flee in the face of harsh labor conditions, the British conquered the remaining independent African states, confiscated land, and imposed severe cash taxations during the 1880s and 1890s. This forced African labor that had previously chosen employment in the mining industry voluntarily to now do so under conditions set solely by the employers. In addition, a series of discriminatory practices were first introduced during this period including pass laws and urban ghettos, further ensuring the enforced cooperation and steady supply of cheap African labor. The industrial revolution in South Africa introduced a pressing need for incredible amounts of cheap labor. The introduction of racially  discriminatory practices sought to meet this need by ensuring the In the aftermath of the South African War in 1902, the mining industry saw a depression in the face of a severe labor short age. In response, South African capitalists and mining industry leaders worked with British imperial authorities to import massive amounts of Chinese laborers. Between 1902 and 1907, over one hundred thousand Chinese immigrated to South Africa. However, Afrikaners opposed this vehemently arguing that it should be a white man’s country and that this influx of labor represented a new competitive threat for potential jobs. In 1906, the Liberals come to power in Great Britain. Many had opposed the South African War and were now calling for the return of self-rule to the Boers without endangering the mining industry. Afrikaners would take the place of skilled and semi-skilled English laborers at lower wages while newly enacted policies would force greater numbers of Africans to unskilled labor. The 1911 Mines and Works Act restricted African employment to menial and unskilled jobs, excluding them from most skilled categories of work. In effect, it legislated a racial hierarchy in the workplace and extended the practice throughout the South African economy beyond the mining industry. Furthermore, the Industrial Conciliation Act of 1924 restricted African rights to organize or to negotiate their terms of employment. In 1913, the Natives’ Land Act was enacted, restricting African ownership of land to designated areas comprising roughly 7 percent of the South Africa’s total land area and restricting Africans from establishing any businesses outside of this allocated space. In addition, the land partitioned for Africans was often of poor quality and could not possibly support its population. Thus, the law effectively prevented Africans from leading self-sufficient lives in rural communities. They were increasingly forced to work on Afrikaner owned farms, factories, and mines. In addition, restrictions on their movement and the right to reside in urban areas combined with the inability for rural areas to support significant numbers of Africans resulted in an endless system of migrant unskilled labor. Economic interests and considerations significantly in fluenced the segregation policies adopted in South Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries. The necessity of a cheap and controllable labor source resulted in harsh racially discriminatory policies and the rise of white supremacy. In 1944, the chairman of the Broederbond stressed the special role of  Afrikaners in a speech, â€Å"In every people in the world is embodied a Divine Idea and the task of each People is to build upon that Idea and to perfect it. So God created the Afrikaner People with a unique language, a unique philosophy of life, and their own history and tradition in order that they might fulfill a particular calling and destiny here in the southern corner of Africa. We must believe that God has called us to be servants of his righteousness in this place† (Clark and Worger, 32). Placing emphasis on divine support for their existence, their special place in the world, and righteous mission, this Afrikaner ideology can draw historical antecedents from the belief of Manifest Destiny in the United States in the 19th century and from the ethnic nationalist movement of Nazi Germany in the mid 20th century. This emphasis on the special Afrikaner identity heavily influenced Hendrik Verwoerd who se argument for apartheid centered on the inability for two cultures to achieve their ideal futures as each of their paths are unique. The intermingling of languages, traditions, and histories would be detrimental to both the Afrikaner and African peoples. These ideals of Afrikaner nationalism expressed in the quote draws historical antecedents back into the 19th century concept of Manifest Destiny. During the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the North American continent due to the special virtues of the American people and through a special destiny that was divinely ordained. Similarly, the Broederbond chairman asserts the special role of the Afrikaner people and their divinely ordained origin. In addition, he argues for their expansion throughout southern Africa as both a divine calling and righteous mission. The ideas expressed in the quote by the Broederbond chairman also draw numerous parallels with the 20th century German nationalism found in Nazi Germany. Following his ascension to power in Germany, Hitler’s movement and theories resonated considerably in South Africa, particularly with the Purified National Party and the Broederbond. The Broederbond established a â€Å"voortrekker† movement for Afrikaner youth, arguably seen as analogous to the Hitler Youth . In 1938, the Ossewabrandwag was established on the model of Hitler’s national socialist movement. By the end of 1939, over three hundred thousand Afrikaners had sworn loyalty to the volk, or Afrikaner people. It sought to establish an Afrikaner controlled republic in South  Africa, by violent means if necessary. Additionally, in 1938, a centenary celebration of the Great Trek was organized that placed emphasis on the heroic struggle of the Afrikaners against British oppression. The articulation of this â€Å"sacred history† and of a struggle for survival sought to memorialize and legitimize the special place of the Afrikaner people. These sentiments are again arguably analogous to those found in the ethnic nationalist movement of Nazi Germany that stressed the special place in history of the Aryan race. In both Afrikaner nationalism and German nationalism, the nation has a mystical and divine quality. In addition, the Afrikaner and German people are also considered to possess certain special and unique characteristics such as language, culture, and history that transcend the individual and contribute to a national unity. The emphasis of a special and unique Afrikaner identity expressed in the quote by the Broederbond chairman in 1944 can be seen in Hendrik Verwoerd’s argument for apartheid in 1950. As the minister of native affairs in the first National Party government, Verwoerd met with African members of the Native Representative Council to explain his theory and justification of apartheid. Basing his argument in the concept of ethnic nationalism, he asserts that Afrikaner and African communities must be divorced in order for both parties to prosper. It is impossible for two distinct and unique peoples to achieve their ideal futures while intermingled because each has their own particular path and calling. Verwoerd argues that tension and conflict are inevitable in mixed societies. The mixing of languages, traditions, and cultures in South Africa are only detrimental to the development of both the Afrikaner and African people. Appealing to African leaders for their cooperation in installing an apartheid policy, Verwoerd states that, â€Å"Instead of striving after vague chimeras and trying to equal the European in an intermingled community with confused ideals and inevitable conflict, he can be a national figure helping to lead his own people along the road of peace and prosperity. He can help give the educated men and women of his people an opportunity to†¦fully realize their ambitions within their own sphere† (Clark and Worger, 141). His explanation of apartheid places a significant emphasis on the purity of a people’s descent and the continuation of this line as the key to secure an ideal future. Both Afrikaners and Africans can only truly realize their full potential within their own cultural and ethnic sphere.

The crime scene is most important area of forensic science

The crime scene is most important area of forensic science Forensic science is science used for the purpose of the law (White 2010), it has three main phases, which are, the recovery of evidence from the crime scene, forensic examination of the evidence at the laboratory and the presentation of evidence test results in court (Jackson 2008). A crime scene is any location or locations which contain evidence that can help with a criminal investigation. Therefore, a crime scene can take many forms, it can be indoors or outdoors, i.e. a road accident or a burglary and it can consist of just a finger mark or it can include acres of land. Subsequently, many types of evidence can be found at a crime scene, from the smallest fibres which are invisible to the naked eye, to something as obvious as a broken window. It is up to the scene of crime officers (SOCOs) to gather relevant physical evidence to send to the forensic laboratory for further examination (Jackson 2008). Forensic laboratories are either provided within the police service (known as the forensic science service department (FSS)) or by independent forensic services which offer different areas of expertise depending on specialist equipment and expert scientists in any given field (Jackson 2008). Hence, forensic laboratories cover a broad area of expertise which include: Pathology, which would for example be involved in cases of rape or unnatural death; firearms experts, who among other things would be involved in examining bullets found at a crime scene; and questioned documents experts, who would be involve in cases of fraud (Eckert 1996). The forensic scientist is responsible for providing a report of the evidence that can used in court, it must be written so that those that are unfamiliar with scientific terms can still understand the conclusion of the results. This essay aims to explore the importance of the work carried out at the crime scene in comparison with the work carried out by the forensic laboratory, in order to establish whether the crime scene is the most important area of forensic science. The crime scene is important because, if dealt with carefully, it can provide the physical evidence which is needed to build a criminal case against a suspect. The evidence recovered from a crime scene can be used in various ways, including: to establish if a crime has in fact occurred, as this is not always obvious at first glance, for instance, in the case of a fire scene it would need to be established if the fire was started either accidentally or deliberately; identification, evidence can help to identify the victim, offender and any other persons that may be involved in the crime; To corroborate or refute statements and to gather intelligence in order to make associations between different crime scenes and to find any links between the persons involved (White 2010). In order to produce such crucial evidence a crime scene is generally separated into two categories depending on the seriousness of the crime committed; less serious crimes such as burglary would be classified as a v olume crime and more serious crimes such as murder would be classified as a serious crime, and so crime scenes which involve volume crimes are typically investigated by a lone scene examiner and serious crimes typically involve a team of scene examiners (Jackson 2008). Only reliable and impartial evidence can be used in court, therefore the evidence samples recovered from a crime scene need to be properly handled, preserved, packaged and transferred throughout the whole process of investigation. This careful process is known as the chain of continuity and needs to be demonstrated in order for the forensic laboratory to gain valid evidence which can be used in juridical proceedings (White 2010). Therefore, in order to recover valid and useable evidence the most important rule of a crime scene after preserving life is to preserve the scene of evidence in order to prevent contamination (White 210). The crime scene must be defined, secured and cordoned off, allowing as few people as possible entry and a scene log should be used to record those that do enter. Inside the perimeter of the crime scene a forensically cleared common approach path (CAP) is established by using either scene tape or stepping plates or a combination of both. The CAP enables access to the investigators whilst preventing contamination of the evidence by keeping everyone to a designated route which avoids disturbing that of the offender whenever possible. Also, anyone who enters the crime scene must wear protective clothing, including over-shoes, gloves (preferably two pairs as the first can be contaminated just by putting them on), scene suits, head covers and masks, which must always be changed into bef ore entering or leaving a crime scene. This is to prevent foreign matter being brought into the crime scene and also to prevent evidence from being transferred elsewhere; both of which can compromise the investigation (white 2010). The crime scene is the first link in the chain of investigation and if any evidence is compromised then so is the whole investigation. Therefore, In order for evidence to be used in court it must be carefully and systematically handled throughout the investigative process; the continuity of evidence must be sustained from when it is recovered at the crime scene, throughout its transference to the forensic laboratory and then into court, where the evidence will be scrutinised by the defence (Eckert 1996). The forensic laboratory is an important part of the criminal investigation because it examines the evidence that is found at the crime scene and on victims and suspects, in order to find a link that can be used as expert evidence in court. Forensic examination aims to validate the evidence found at the crime scene with scientific proof that can withstand harsh cross-examining in court. Forensic analysis can support a criminal investigation in many ways, among others, it can prove that a crime has been committed, by identifying drugs or alcohol in a persons blood stream, it can provide investigative leads, for example, by identifying a blood type or shoe size, and it can help identify a suspect via DNA in seminal fluid (Jackson 2008). Laboratories offer different fields of expertise depending on the many different types of evidence they examine (Eckert 1996). For example, the toxicology and drug identification laboratory would be used to test drugs and poisons and the forensic serolog y laboratory would be used for the analysis of body fluids, such as blood and semen (white 2010). Therefore, the laboratory plays an important role in the investigative process, but unless due care and continuity has taken place to preserve the evidence at all stages of the investigation, i.e. preservation, documentation, storage and transportation, then the work carried out at the laboratory is discredited.. Therefore all recovered evidence must be carefully labelled and stored appropriately, different sample types must be stored in different ways, for example, blood stains need to be air dried before packaging so as to avoid bacterial activity which can hinder the analysis (Eckert 1996). Continuity forms, notes and labels must be properly filled out and it is important that the relationship between the physical evidence and the crime scene is maintained, through photographs, diagrams and written notes. Also, good communication between the SOCOs and the laboratory examiners is important in developing a good understanding of the crime (Jackson2008). The crime scene is the first link in the chain and the whole of the forensic investigation process can be rendered useless if the correct procedures are not followed. Therefore, continuity throughout the whole process of investigation is paramount in order to keep the validity of the evidence so that it can be used in juridical proceedings. The crime scene is an important area of forensic science because it is the starting point of the whole criminal investigation, all consequent areas follow on from it and if mistakes are made here then there will be repercussions throughout the whole process. The crime scene is the most important area from which evidence samples are gathered because without this evidence the forensic laboratory would have nothing to work with. Conversely, without the scientific skills of the laboratory much of the recovered evidence would be fruitless; some evidence can be analysed without a laboratory but it takes more time and is less efficient. In conclusion, both the crime scene and the forensic laboratory are important areas of forensic science and when they work together effectively they can be the deciding factor in a criminal court case. However, even without the use of a forensic laboratory the crime scene would be a useful source of evidence but in contrast the forensic laboratory would be rendered useless without the evidence samples that are supplied from the crime scene. Consequently, the crime scene is the most important area of forensic science.

Petrified Petrarch Essay -- Petrarchian Sonnet Essays

Petrified Petrarch Two hundred years had passed between the sonnets of Petrarch and the reign of Queen Elizabeth. As a form and structure for poetic life, the sonnet had grown hard. Fourteen lines of rhymed iambic pentameter remained pregnant with possibilities and vitality, but must the sense turn after the octave and resolve in the sestet? Love remained in some ways inexpressible without this basic verse form, but something wasn’t right. Too many rose red lips and too much snow white skin belonging to unattainable lovers did not communicate the prevailing amorous imagination. The conventions were a little too conventional. The metaphors were gone somewhat stale. The Reformation had intervened between the Italian Renaissance and her English counterpart. The Petrarchan sonnet was informed by a Catholic Christianity that adored virginity. Thus it was the longing for the unattainable that raised the lover closer to God. The Elizabethan sonnet in many cases reflected the Protestant’s high view of married love, the consummation of which was the metaphor for the relationship between Christ and His Church. The beginnings of sonnets tended to establish a place for the poem within the Petrarchan tradition, and the endings to emphasize their divergence from that tradition. In this way then the beginnings and endings of sonnets works to define the Love/hate relationship of the Elizabethan poet with Petrarch. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542), a contemporary of Martin Luther and Henry VIII, first introduced Petrarchan love poetry into England. He was a frequent imitator of the foreign model and many of his sonnets are almost literal translations of the Italian. Wyatt felt no obligation to confine himself to the strict Italian form in ... ...e sestet gives the impression that the poet/lover adores her voice in spite of the fact that it’s less pleasing than music, and that she surpasses any goddess or angel in her merely human beauties and the approachability of her common creature hood. The concluding couplet frees twentieth century women from feeling they need to look like a Barbie doll. True affection loves you the way you are. Knowing I too get bad breath and walk on solid ground, I am glad my husband shares Shakespeare’s attitude. Works Cited Jordan, Constance and Carroll, Clare editors. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York, 1999 Maclean, Hugh and Prescott, Anne Lake editors. Edmund Spenser’s Poetry. W.W. Norton and Company, New York, 1968 Wilson, John Dover. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press, London, 1980

Chlorophyll Essay -- Research Paper Science Cancer Papers

Chlorophyll Research Paper Many studies in the area of cancer research are opening up new possibilities for cures and prevention measures. One area of research is directed at the effects that chlorophyll may have on cancer cells within the human body. Research is being conducted to investigate whether chlorophyll has important cancer fighting factors that may play a role in the destruction of cancer cells or whether it is an effective preventive agent. Intensive research for naturally occurring plant products which reduce genotoxic effects are driven by the increasing exposure of humans to environmental toxins (Sarkar, 1994). Experimental evidence indicates a strong relationship and connection between diet and cancer prevention. One’s food choices have been consistently shown to be a determinant factor of human cancer risk (Arbogast, 1995). A positive correlation was shown between the chlorophyll content of vegetable extract with the vegetables’ antimutagenic activity (Sarkar, 1994). Chlorophyll is of considerable interest as an anticarcinogenic substance because it is so abundant in the green vegetables that humans consume. Chlorophyll also has shown no toxic effects to humans (Arbogast, 1995). It is not clear however whether effective uptake of chlorophyll through diet would be enough to protect against certain types of cancers or whether one would need to take supplements along with a balanced diet (Ar bogast, 1995) Derivatives of chlorophyll may also be an important aid in preventing or managing cancer. Research indicates that foods yielding chlorophyll derivatives may play a major role in cancer prevention. Chlorophyll derivatives have a high affinity for tumor tissue in comparison to normal... ...y, S., Poretz, R., and Segelman, A. Effect of Dietary Chlorophyll Derivatives on Mutagenesis and Tumor Cell Growth. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis., 79 : 313-322, 1999. Hortensteiner, S., Ougham, H., and Thomas, H. Ring in the new, Ring out the old. IGER innovations., 1 : 1-5, 1998. McKinley, T. Class outline procedure protocol. Department of Biology. Concord College : 2002. Ross, C., Salisbury, F. Plant Physiology. Wadsworth Publishing Company., 3 : 181-183, 1985. Sarkar, D., Sharma, A., and Talukder, G. Chlorophyll and chlorophyllin as modifiers of genotoxic effects. Mutation Research., 318 : 239-247, 1994. Taiz, L., and Zeinger, E. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. Redwood City, CA. : 179-218, 1991. Ting, I. Plant Physiology. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., 1: 400, 1982.

Healthcare & Current regulatory policy

The Current regulatory policy touching on the healthcare professionals is grounded on the believe that the marketplace of these professionals services fails because of the lack of full information concerning the healthcare services on the part of the consumers of these services (Haas-Wilson, 2010). That way a number of professionals in this field can offer low quality services at prices that are not commensurate to the quality of the services to gullible consumers without the fear of being told to account for these compromised services that even flout professional ethics of the healthcare profession (Haas-Wilson, 2010).Healthcare professional are always very quick to defend the existence of these regulations arguing that they ensure that healthcare professionals are offering high quality healthcare services to each and every client of these services irrespective of whether they are informed of their right to quality healthcare services or not (Drake, 2008). Whether they ensure qualit y service to clients the way healthcare professionals argues is still a subject of intense debate.However, it is not in contention that by dictating the minimum qualification and experience that a healthcare professional should have in order to practices, there a big number of quacks who are restrain from infiltrating the lucrative healthcare market (Drake, 2008). The regulatory agencies that have been mandated to pass rules and regulations that will be used to govern the practice of the healthcare professional is also another major step at protecting the clients of these services and ensuring that they get only the best and most appropriate services.The restriction especially on advertising on the other hand which also makes up these regulations also go along way in enabling that the clients of these services make informed decision free from any influence when looking for the healthcare services. Reasons for the existence of mal-distribution of physicians in spite the high number o f physicians graduating from medical school The problem of mal-distribution of the healthcares professional is not a new phenomenon in the United States especially in the rural areas (Rapaport, 1980).This has continued despite the government intervention and even the high number of medical graduates graduating from our universities and other institutions of higher learning offering medical disciplines. Healthcare professional in this case refers to the likes of nurses, nurse practitioners, physician, and physician assistants. One of the reasons for this state of affair is due to the fact a large number of healthcare practitioners prefers to locate their medical facilities in the metropolitan areas because of their high population (Sign, & Shi, 2009).Another factor that is aggravating the already worse situation is the fact that many medical practitioners are leaving graduate school as specialists like retina specialist thereby making their application in the rural areas untenable (S ign, & Shi, 2009). Effects of this distribution in the context of diverse special populations There are a number of problems that are associated with this mal-distribution in the United States, some of these concerns that are associated with this kind of lopsided distribution include cost, access and finally quality.With scanty availability of healthcare services in most rural areas the question of high cost begin to haunt the consumers of this services. The few who are practicing in these rural areas can increase costs of these services without improving on quality of the same (Sign, & Shi, 2009). The same applies to the quality of the services which happens because of few practitioners, lack of enough information and inadequate regulation (Rapaport, 1980). Finally, the access of these services also becomes a problem to the dweller of these areas primarily because of the high healthcare practitioner to patient’ ratio (Rapaport, 1980).References Haas-Wilson, Deborah, (2010). The Regulation of Health Care Professionals Other Than Physician. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from http://www. cato. org/pubs/regulation/regv15n4/reg15n4d. html Drake, M. Dawn, (2008). Examining the Issue of Mal-Distribution of Physician through GIS: A Case Study of Retina Specialists in the United States. Retrieved 25 July 2010 from

Lincoln Electric Case Essay

Lincoln Electric Company in the year 1895. The first products that the company produced and sold were electric motors that he had designed himself. A Few years later, in 1907 his brother James, a recently graduate from the Ohio State University, joined as a senior manager; He was also the one who would introduce different and very innovative human resource policies over the next few decades. These policies included things like employee stock ownership, the creation of an Employee advisory board, as well as piecework pay. Most of these ideas were later adapted as standard US wide practices. The Welding business, which not really was one of the main focuses of the Lincoln Electric Company, became the main source of income by 1922. Welding which a special technique of -under heat – bringing together different sources of metals. It is used for basically most of the industrial areas, from pipeline manufacturing to petrochemical complexes. From 1986 onwards, the company pursued a course of extensive internationally expansion. This was started already way earlier in 1933 first, with the establishment of the Lincoln Electric Company in Australia and in 1953 with its expansion to France. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, Lincoln Electric expanded its manufacturing operations into 16 countries. This expansion peaked in 1995, when the company reached the $1 billion in sales the first time. It was also the year Lincoln began to trade its shares on the American stock market the NASDAQ. By 2005 it became the worlds leading manufacturer in the welding industry. Nowadays, (Dec. 31 2010) Lincoln Electric has net sales of $ 2,070 million. Why go abroad? As the Lincoln Electric Company’s idea and concept proved to be successful in the US from the 1930s onwards, it also operated outside of the country. Due to its success in its home market, the companies’ management was able to first gain enough market knowledge in order to enter new markets were a certain proficiency is required. Nevertheless, as markets and industries around the world differ in to each other (e. g.consumer tastes) the best idea was for Lincoln Electronic to first enter a market were the so-called â€Å"Psychic Distance† is not so high and less uncertainty. Therefore Australian was chosen, as this is psychological wise not so far from the Home / US American market. This phenomenon can be seen in the Uppsala Model. It includes four different steps, from first acquiring experience in the home market to wholly owned international operations. This will be explained in more detail later. However, as we can see in the Lincoln Electric case, the company first gain sufficient knowledge in their home market and later expanded internationally. But step by step further away (political, language and culture wise) from its home market. Uppsala Model Looking at the process of internationalization of Lincoln Electric, most of the facets of the Uppsala Model can be identified. So, this entry mode theory is most applicable in our opinion. In this section, we will elaborate upon the internationalization of Lincoln Electric while applying the stages of the Uppsala model. During the first stage companies tend to solely gain experience of their domestic markets. In the case of Lincoln Electric, it can be stated that it mainly focused on becoming the leading manufacturer in the United States. Core competencies are most important for the success of an MNE and for all companies those core competencies are their higher-order firm specific advantages (FSA’s). In this first stage of the Uppsala Model we will try to recognize all the FSA’s of Lincoln Electric. The first FSA is the company’s human resource policy, in which many facets can be recognized that provide productivity advances and which results in a variability of 60 percent of the personnel costs. Those facets are performance-based rewards, employee stock ownership, a piecework payment system, and bonuses based on company profits. Another FSA is that the company cuts costs in acquiring personnel, and simultaneously keeps holding a very well experienced and integrated workforce by building trust among the employees with policies like an employee advisory boards, employee suggestion systems, annuities for retired employees, group life insurances, and a no-layoff policy. The third recognized FSA is the company’s R&D program; this program is the most aggressive, comprehensive and successful in the welding industry. This FSA led the company in new market introductions and quality performance. Fourthly, an important FSA for consumer relations is the ability to provide full welding solutions. The company is able to provide this due to the fact that it manufactures both arc welding equipment and consumable products. Summarized, the core competencies which provide the company with competitive advantages are the ability to cut personnel costs, the highly trained technical sales force, and the ability to provide excellent service for customers. The second stage in the Uppsala model states that the firm begins to operate abroad in a nearby market, and then slowly penetrates far away markets. When applying this to Lincoln Electric, it can be seen that the company encountered its first international experience in countries such as Canada, Australia and France in the 1940’s. These countries have a small psychic distance from the United States, therefore, the market uncertainty is perceived as low. Canada, Australia and France are psychically nearby, because issues with regard to trade unions, labour practices and laws are treated similarly in those countries. Furthermore, Canada and Australia are linguistically similar to the United States, and all the previous countries are western countries, so the cultures are not significantly different. Lincoln Electric started its first major international expansion between 1986 and 1992. It then increased its presence into 15 other countries, which were acquisitions in Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, Scotland, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Germany. However, this expansion was a real failure, the company faced difficulties due to executives’ inexperience with trade unions and their lack of knowledge of labour practices and laws in other countries. The company’s aim was namely to operate the new acquisition in Lincoln USA’s image, however they learned from this experience and as can be seen in stage four, their renewed global expansion is much more improved. The third stage of the Uppsala model states that companies tend to enter markets through export, instead of using sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own. However, this does not suit Lincoln Electric due to the fact that it is too costly to ship welding products because of their weight. It was for Lincoln Electric and other companies in the welding industry essential to set up a local or regional production facility. Therefore, Lincoln Electric had to instantly set up sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own without starting with solely exporting. In the fourth stage it is said that a company establishes wholly owned or majority-owned operations only after several years of experience. This can also be recognized as being the case with Lincoln’s internationalization. In 1996 their renewed globalization strategy started. This is characterized by many joint-ventures, acquisitions and start-ups over the world. Between 1996 and 2004, many expansions have been completed. At the end of this expansion period, the company tried to gain majority or wholly ownership in many of their acquisitions and joint-ventures, because they experienced that they could not fully control their operations in the way they wanted it. Attractiveness of India One of the most significant questions in the global strategy field is how multinational firms should navigate their way through multiple and often conflicting host-country institutional environments (Ghoshal and Westney 1992, Morgan et al. 2001). This is no different for Lincoln Electric who faced some problems while expanding overseas. When crossing borders, opportunity is mostly the driving force behind the expansion. Between 1986 and 1991, Lincoln took on unprecedented debt in order to finance foreign acquisitions, mostly in Europe. They initially had a lack of international management skill, and did not take into consideration local environment in each country when expanding globally. This was caused because not all of their firm specific advantages (FSA’s) where as transferable as they had hoped. For instance the incentive system that works very well in the U. S. did not work in European countries with different working environment and ethics. Lincoln had already tried to penetrate the Asian market before landing its eye on the India. Theoretically, a country will be attractive to a foreign investor if, in investing in that country, the investor gets a return that is equal to or higher than their risk-adjusted weighed cost of capital. (Urkude and Seshanna 2008) So how attractive is India for Lincoln Electric. With assessing a countries attractiveness two main categories can be distinguished: Country Risks, Market Opportunities and Industry Opportunities. For Lincoln there is only one country risk which is corruption, for the rest India is a stable, fast growing country with a solid political system. World Map Index of perception of corruption 2009i However there are a number of market opportunities. India’s infrastructure is still underdeveloped, and therefore demand for welding products is increasing with the upcoming construction and infrastructure activity in the next couple of years. Import sales to India were up by double digits in 2006, driven mostly by orders from the pipe mill and pipeline sector, and more recently from the automotive sector. (Lincoln Electric annual report 2008) The growth of the welding industry is similar to the growth of the entire economy of the particular country, and for this reason India makes an attractive opportunity. As seen in the graph below India’s GDP has grown dramatically over the last couple of years, and it is expected the welding industry will grow among these lines as well. India’s market is quickly growing as shown in the graph on the right. Not only the population but also GDP and exports. And the one below shows that the industry sector is coming on as well. For this reason the welding industry will benefit from the economic growth and be in the lift as a lot of these new construction projects require welding consumables. Industry opportunities lie in India as well, as demand for steel declined all over the world, it grew in India by as much as ten percent. (Frost and Sullivan 2010) But India is also a highly competitive market as 56 percent of welding consumables were being produced by large firms that had developed their own technology and 44 percent was being produced by a number of small firms that immediately tried to copy the large firms, as soon as their product became available on the market. So for Lincoln to be successful, they would have to keep innovating their products and make it hard for others to copy their products. Another point of interest is that with the welding market booming, a high price would have to be paid if Lincoln would want to enter the market by acquisition. This making it difficult for new entries in the market, but the two other options which are a joint venture and building an own factory are as much appealing as an acquisition. Lincoln already had some experience with joint ventures in China, but had trouble with the joint decision making that came with it. And with building their own factory they would have to weigh off the benefit off total control towards the starting up costs of the factory. The Indian government had also granted some fiscal and financial incentives by setting up tax-free zones and increasing the foreign direct investment (FDI) percentage in the aviation and real estate sector, which could generate a high demand for welding equipment. Overall it can be said that India is a very attractive market for Lincoln Electronic if they can get into the market either via acquisition, a joint venture or by building their own factory. Advice for Management The advice we would give the managers from Lincoln Electric, to help them to continue enhancing their market share and improve their geographical dominance in the welding industry is to acquire a smaller welding company. An option, which Lincoln Electric should consider is the case of ESAB, as, mentioned in the case â€Å"In 2000, ESAB had agreed to be purchased by Lincoln Electric for 750 million plus the assumption of $300 million in ESAB’s debt. Yet Lincoln Electric decided that same year not to go forward with the acquisition after antitrust and other issues arose in the due diligence process. † Even though these plans fell through, Lincoln Electric should reconsider purchasing ESAB, since it represents 75% of revenues of its parent company Charter, which is European- based company with a large global presence. ESAB India, which is part of ESAB, is also one of the main competitors of Lincoln Electric in India. Therefore, if Lincoln Electric could dissolve the antitrust problems and other problems that arose in the due diligence process, they will be able to acquire ESAB and to double their market share. To enforce the market share dominance of Lincoln Electric globally, an acquisition with a company like ESAB would be economically profitable. Analyzing the graph below, an acquisition with Lincoln Electric and a smaller company would create a welding market dominance. This will result in other competitors being left with a smaller market share due to a much larger dominating competitor. In this case, Lincoln Electric has the opportunity to purchase ESAB or another smaller welding company due to the high profits from the profitable US market. Because of that opportunity we would advice them to purchase and expand by means of increasing their market share by purchasing a competing company.

Obscene Gestures

Every culture has obscene gestures; in America the middle finger is one of the most obscene. The middle finger was most likely derived from Ancient Greece, ‘the finger’ is one of the most widespread obscene gestures throughout the Western world. In a handful of Mediterranean and Arab countries the index finger is preferred to the middle, but the meaning remains crystal clear. There are tons of different stories for the origin of the finger; going back as far as 2,500 years. Some make mention to Greek tragedies, phallic representation, perverse Roman emperors, English long bowmen, and annoyed deaf people but, we just don’t know the actual origin. Nonetheless, the middle finger is probably the most universally-understood hand gesture in the world. This is owed mostly to its age and the sheer simplicity of the gesture. Every country has their own set of obscene gesture unique to their culture. A simple thumbs up is not a good idea in the Middle East, Russia, Greece, Sardinia, Western Africa, and Latin American countries. Even though this means good job or ok in western cultures in these places it refers to â€Å"sit on my erect penis. † In southern Sardinia, where the gesture is particularly obscene, don’t try hitchhiking! The common ok sign seen all over the U. S. is never ‘ok’ in Brazil, Germany, and some areas around the Mediterranean. This is because this ‘o’ represents an anus, which means you are calling the recipient an asshole. The Palm-Back V surprisingly does not mean â€Å"peace† in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Italy. Instead of â€Å"peace† this gesture symbolizes â€Å"up your ass† or â€Å"fuck off. George Bush, Sr. famously gave the sign to Australians in 1992, thinking he was giving the peace sign. The Forearm Jerk, slap a hand down on the opposite bicep and then raise that arm into a fist, is obscene in France, southern Europe, the Mideast, and the U. S. This is expressing â€Å"Fuck off! † or â€Å"Up yours ! † In France it is called the bras d'honneur or arm of honor. The Corona which looks like the popular â€Å"Rock ‘n roll† or â€Å"Hook 'em, Horns† sign is not perceived as that in Spain, Portugal, the Baltics, Brazil, and Colombia. In these countries this simply means â€Å"Your wife is a whore†. Another gesture, this time aimed towards your mom, is the Concha; a very bad idea in Chile. First, hold up a palm towards you and slightly curl the fingers to form the shape of a shell. Second, say â€Å"Concha de tu madre. † Figuratively meaning, â€Å"Your mama's dried up, nasty cooch. † Third, run as fast as you can. France is a lovely place until your taxi cab driver takes his middle finger and thrusts it up into his curled up fist of his other hand. Basically saying â€Å"You take it up the ass. † France likes large gestures but Pakistanis are very simple. A single raised closed fist in Pakistan means that you take an erect penis up into your rectum. The Philippines are also very simplistic. In America we might signal someone to â€Å"come here† by curling an index finger toward ourselves repeatedly. Don't do that in the Philippines, where it's a gesture fit only for dogs and can get you arrested. Over in Japan they have the Animal. This is because Japanese don't like Koreans so they call them â€Å"animals† by extending four fingers of one hand in another person's face. I thought it was really interesting how each gesture was linked to a sexual organ or sexual act. Obscene gestures are a part of society no one really thinks about but I realized how much it relates to that cultures way of thinking. Also, how one society can be ‘ok’ with something and another will cringe; like the ok symbol. The moral of the story is if your traveling google that country and read a bit because you don’t want to ruin your vacation because your feeling a little punk rock.

Crystal Jelly Fish

Crystal jellyfish The Crystal jelly fish is a very unique marine animal. Known as the crystal jellyfish its scientific name is well known to be the Aquarium Victoria. The Aquaria Victoria is a saucer shaped Hydromedusa with a well developed velum, its size ranges within five to twelve centimeters in diameter. It has eighty or more narrow unbranched radial canals witch can extend to the margin of the bell. All tentacles extend from the margin of the bell, making the slender gonads run along most of the length of the canals.Placed into a single row the tentacles are surrounded to the all around shape of the bell. The Aquaria Victoria is placed in pelagic waters in the Pacific Ocean from Vancouver, British Columbia, and Central California. There living requirements intake open waters and require temperatures between forty degrease Fahrenheit . Many Aquaria Victoria can be found swimming or floating along the shores. The population of the Aquaria Victoria is said to be unknown, because o f there four to six month life span it decreases’ the chances of finding the information.The Aquaria Victoria is budded off into hydroid colonies in the late spring. The Medusa is the first stage of its vast development. When approximately reaching three centimeters it can begin producing gametes of reproduction. The Spermatozoa and egg mature daily in the medusa. When provided much food they are spawned into the water column, settled off to fertilize they are then eventually settling out for a new hydro id colony.When reaching its growth of development to eat it intakes Crustacean, Zoo plankton core pods and crab zoeals. The natural Predators’ of the Aquaria Victoria are Voracious protozoan known as the lion mane jelly. When approached by one or more of there predators they tend to glow only to send out threats to protect themselves. The Aquaria Victoria is capable of its glow due to the (GFP) Green fluorescent protein it produces. The Aquaria Victoria only glows arou nd the margin of the umbrella.The Green Fluorescent protein is a protein that is composed of two hundred and thirty-eight amino acid that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. The Green fluorescent proteins function is to become the Energy Transfer acceptor. The Aquaria Victoria flashes the blue light with a quick release of (Ca2+) witch interacts with photo protein acquiring. While it interacts, it is only brought on or let on for a short amount of time. The Aquaria Victoria is not known for harmful relations, it is known to be something unique just as any other marine animal.

How to Write the Brown University Essays 2015-2016

Brown University is often called the happiest school in the country, mostly due to its peaceful student body and reportedly less competitive environment. The university is located in the heart of Providence, Rhode Island, a mid-sized but extremely safe and friendly city in the Northeast. However, Brown’s top-notch academics, social environment, and location have made it an extremely desirable school to apply and thus an extremely competitive one. Like many schools, Brown’s core supplement consists of three short essay prompts, however because they have a word limit of just 150 words (200 in the case of Why Brown), it is almost impossible to write a well fleshed out and multi-faceted essay. This doesn’t mean that our standard advice about using short essay prompts in concert with each other to create a portfolio of essays doesn’t apply. Rather it means that each essay must be highly specific, and that using vehicles and unconventional formats (like detailed anecdotes) is more difficult, though certainly not impossible. Why are you drawn to the area(s) of study you indicated in our Member Section, earlier in this application? If you are â€Å"undecided† or not sure which Brown concentrations match your interests, consider describing more generally the academic topics or modes of thought that engage you currently. (150 word limit) While a â€Å"Why Major† essay would normally require you to specifically address the reasons you chose the major, the qualifications you possess for that major, and the reasons you like Brown’s program of study for that major, because you only have 150 words, you should pick just one of these aspects to highlight. Specific details about Brown are only required if you plan on addressing why Brown’s (for example Mathematics) program appeals to you. Otherwise, you should focus on more intrinsic factors such as why you want to study math (ideally more than just for career reasons), why you enjoy doing math, or why you’re qualified to study math at Brown. For example, you could point to your favorite type of math, and briefly analyze why it appeals to you. Alternatively, you could discuss an extracurricular activity (such as Math League) that introduced you to the joys of competitive math. If by some chance you can’t come up with a specific major to dis cuss, then your essay should focus on the opportunities that Brown offers you. In particular, you should look to highlight Brown’s liberal arts curriculum, as well as the academic flexibility it offers to students.   â€Å"Why Brown† is a similar prompt to most other â€Å"Why School† essays, however with just 100 words to work with, the essay is in the awkward position of being too short to develop a fully fleshed out essay with some sort of vehicle, but too long to be a short consideration of one specific characteristic of the school. Things that you definitely want to highlight in your essay include Brown’s emphasis on learning (versus output, i.e. grades), the collaborative spirit of the student body, and the school’s academic flexibility. However, if you highlight these factors during a general response to the major prompt, then you should do some research on the school to find other things to highlight. Tell us where you have lived – and for how long – since you were born; whether you’ve always lived in the same place, or perhaps in a variety of places. (100 word limit) Regardless of whether  you’ve moved around a lot or stayed in the same town your entire life, this question allows you to reveal some key  insights  about yourself. If your family moves often,  you can use take this prompt  as an opportunity to explain  your adaptive personality and how you deal with  unfamiliar situations.  Or, instead of  focusing on the experience of  changing between  locations, you can  also discuss the  impact of each individual place on  you — how has each location contributed to who you are today? For example, maybe your disparate experiences with living in rural China and then metropolitan New York have played a large role in shaping your unique outlook on life. If you’ve always lived in the same place, then fear not — there’s an opportunity to shine here as well. You can discuss the impact on your life of the location that you currently reside in. People are often products of their environments — how has your environment made you who you are today?  Be careful not to overlap  your  answer with the next essay’s, though. Since the  next question asks about a community that you come from,  if you are not careful you might end up discussing similar concepts, resulting in a â€Å"waste† of an  answer  opportunity. One unique  angle to  approach this question is to  interpret the phrase  Ã¢â‚¬Å"where you have lived† in a different way. Most students will assume that Brown is asking about the times that your family has moved to a new location, a la moving trucks and new apartments/houses; however, you can also interpret it to mean the different spaces that you have occupied. For example, maybe  you’ve shared a bedroom with your older brother for as long as you can remember, but one day you moved into a  new room by yourself  Ã¢â‚¬â€ you could potentially use this situation  as a launching pad for discussing the importance you place on  independence. Or maybe you’ve always considered yourself to have multiple homes away from home. Especially if  you possess  a very strong extracurricular passion to back this  interpretation up, you might want to talk about how you considered yourself to â€Å"live† in the local community center, the museum,  o r the art studio. Again, if you find yourself writing answers  unable to write answers that don’t  overlap with the next prompt, then thinking outside of the box  might help here. We all exist within communities or groups of various sizes, origins, and purposes; pick one and tell us why it is important to you, and how it has shaped you. (150 word limit) This prompt is very similar to the background one for the Common App, and you should highlight a different community/group that you belong to if you chose that prompt for the Common App. While you may be tempted to discuss your ethnicity or nationality in response to this prompt, it is difficult to do so without drawing on clichà ©d themes because of the 150 word limit. Instead, you should probably draw on an extracurricular activity, friend group, or family. When you consider this group, the focus should be primarily on explaining the group’s impact on you. You should only spend one or two sentences explaining the group – the remainder of the essay should talk about interactions with the group and analyze them. In choosing to apply for the Brown-RISD A.B./B.F.A. dual degree program, your interests and future plans will be influenced and enhanced by the courses offered by both colleges. We are curious as to why you have chosen to apply for this specific dual degree program; please tell us your reasons for selecting it, and what you envision as its impact on your education and career. (500 word limit) The Brown – RISD program is designed to give students an opportunity to blend a Brown undergraduate education with the artistic majors and options available at the Rhode Island School of Design. You should have a very clear interdisciplinary artistic academic or career goal in mind with this essay—just describing a general interest in art and another subject is not specific enough for the program. Since one of the short essay prompts asks you about your choice of major already, your primary focus should be on the artistic field you plan to study at RISD and the interdisciplinary application therein. While the prompt simply asks for your reasons for selection, the admissions committees also want to know about your qualifications for the program, and with that in mind, you should include some reference to relevant experience (whether extracurricular or in school) that will simultaneously serve as a reason and qualification for your application. The Program in Liberal Medical Education (Both questions are required; please limit your response to each question to 500 words.) Most high school seniors are unsure about eventual career choices. What experiences have led you to consider medicine as your future profession? Please describe specifically why you have chosen to apply to the Program in Liberal Medical Education in pursuit of your career in medicine. Also, be sure to indicate your rationale on how the PLME is a â€Å"good fit† for your personal, academic, and future professional goals. (Please limit your response to this question to 500 words.) This is a pretty standard â€Å"why medicine† prompt which means that you should use many of the same tactics as you would for that type of essay (see our guide to 7-year med programs here ). But to provide a brief rehash, in order to convey why a guaranteed admissions program is a good â€Å"fit† for your goals, there are few different things you need to discuss. First, you need to discuss why you are qualified for medicine; namely what sort of extracurricular activities did you do in high school that were related to medicine, whether tangentially or directly. More specifically, you want to convey your abilities in two key areas: the scientific side of medicine (i.e. the ability to understand and cure diseases), and the humanistic side of medicine (the ability to connect with patients and care for them). Patient care experience is a big plus for this part of the essay, and experiences such as volunteering at a nursing home or shadowing a physician are great enhancers. In the process of outlining your qualifications, be sure to discuss why you enjoy each of those two facets of medicine. The final thing you want to address is why specifically an accelerated program. Simply saying that you want to save time (the real reason for many applicants) can backfire. Instead, if you have an application with lots of medical and science extracurricular activities, you can speak about why those activities solidified your desire to do medicine. Otherwise, if your resume is more balanced, you can resort to saying that you are committed to medicine because you already spent high school exploring other fields. Since the Program in Liberal Medical Education espouses a broad-based liberal education, please describe your fields of interest in both the sciences and the liberal arts. Be specific about what courses and aspects of the program will be woven into a potential educational plan. (Please limit your response to this question to 500 words.) Brown’s PLME is unique in that it is one of few guaranteed admission medical programs that offers students the opportunity to blend liberal arts with the science heavy curriculum of most medical programs. Accordingly, they want to see that you have some significant connection with and interest in liberal arts fields while applying to the program. You should definitely do some research on the specifics of Brown’s PLME. Be sure to highlight specific research or academic opportunities in your essay, and even drill down into specific courses if you can find ones that meet your needs. Beyond the academics of the program, you should also highlight some sort of humanistic question or skill you are trying to develop. In particular, given the complexity of modern medicine, outlining a desire to learn about fields like medical economics or medical ethics could be extremely beneficial.

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14750 words

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